The LM324 consist of four independent high-gain frequency-compensated operational amplifiers that are designed specifically to operate from a single supply or split supply over a wide range of voltages.
The input stage uses a Darlington PNP configuration with dedicated internal current sources on all of the transistor emitters.
The op amp can provide a low output voltage near the negative rail, provided that the load and load termination voltage are aiding the Constant-Current-Sink driver.
No posts found