Lm324 Quad Op-amp Operational Amplifier Ic

The LM324 consist of four independent high-gain frequency-compensated operational amplifiers that are designed specifically to operate from a single supply or split supply over a wide range of voltages.
The input stage uses a Darlington PNP configuration with dedicated internal current sources on all of the transistor emitters.

The op amp can provide a low output voltage near the negative rail, provided that the load and load termination voltage are aiding the Constant-Current-Sink driver.

LM324 Operational Amplifier Features:

• Wide Supply Ranges: Single Supply: 3 V to 32 V Dual Supplies: ±1.5 V to ±16 V
• Low Supply-Current Drain Independent of Supply Voltage: 0.8 mA Typical
• Low Input Bias and Offset Parameters - Input Offset Voltage: 3 mV Typical - Input Offset Current: 2 nA Typical - Input Bias Current: 20 nA Typical
• Common-Mode Input Voltage Range Includes Ground, Allowing Direct Sensing Near Ground
• Differential Input Voltage Range Equal to Maximum-Rated Supply Voltage: 32 V
•